By signing the document, the King of England was obliged to run a fair government and protect people’s rights. In 1215, King John of England, brother of Richard the Lionheart forcibly signed the Magna Carta which stated that the king was not above the law of the land.The conflict began when King Edward III of England claimed that he was the rightful monarch of France, while other reasons included disputes on trade, land control, and alliances. From 1337 to 1453, an intermittent series of battles known as the Hundred Years War was fought between England and France.There were instances that small villages and towns were wiped out completely by the plague. The Bubonic plague was caused by fleas on rats which killed at least one third of people in Europe. Aside from the Crusades, the Black Death that spread throughout Europe between 13 caused a huge decline in population.Much of the local economy was influenced by guild of merchants as they controlled the flow of trade.īefore a journeyman could be a master, he needed to produce a masterpiece to be approved by the guild masters.Despite being skilled workers during this period, women were not allowed to join or form their own guild. They had well-defined positions including apprentices, journeyman, and masters. Some examples were guild for weavers, dyers, armorers, painters, masons, bookkeepers, bakers, and candlemakers. Each guild had specialties and was able to move up the social ladder through hard work. Groups of craftsmen called guilds also emerged during this period.Lords and Barons swore their oath of fealty to the king. During this period, about 90% of the population worked on lands as peasants or serfs. Manors were composed of large castles surrounded by small villages and a local church.In exchange, peasants were allowed to live on the land with protection from local lords in case of invasion. These landowners needed peasants to plant and harvest their lands. During the Middle Ages, feudal society worked as the king granted vast lands called fiefs to noblemen and bishops.When a person was born into a certain group, they rarely moved to another level. The people who were part of the church played an important part too. This system consisted of kings, lords, knights, vassals, and peasants. The Middle Ages was defined by a Feudal system in much of Europe.The on and off crusades lasted until the end of the 15th century which brought European culture to Jerusalem and Muslim culture to Europe. In 1095, Pope Urban II called every Christian in Europe to expel the Muslims (infidels) from the Holy Land.Moreover, it was the Catholic Church that maneuvered military expeditions to Jerusalem, commonly known as the Crusades, during the late 11th century. One of the examples was when Pope Leo III named Charlemagne as the Holy Roman Emperor in 800 CE.
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